Acknowledgments

We thank Ed Swierk, Petros Maniatis, and Mema Roussopoulos as well as the anonymous SIGCOMM reviewers for their many helpful comments on this paper. Our thanks to Walter Willinger for his comments on the multi-packet model. Our thanks to Van Jacobson, Allen Downey, and Bruce Mah for providing pathchar, clink, and pchar, respectively. Special thanks to Steve Tingley, Charlie Orgish, Jay Kohn, and Ron Roberts of Stanford University and the anonymous system administrators at U.C. Berkeley for tracking down the nominal link bandwidths of our test paths. Finally, thanks to Vern Paxson for inspiring this work.

This work was supported by a gift from NTT Mobile Communications Network, Inc. (NTT DoCoMo). Additionally, Kevin Lai was supported in part by a USENIX Scholar Fellowship.